I<\/p>\n
Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde kapitalistler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler bulundu\u011fundan beri, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in bu kitap kadar \u00f6nemli bir kitap \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal sistemimizin \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eksen olan sermaye ve emek aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, ancak bir Alman’\u0131n yapabilece\u011fi bir kavray\u0131\u015f ve kesinlikle, ilk kez bu kitapta bilimsel olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bir Owen’\u0131n, bir Saint-Simon’un ya da bir Fourier’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri ne olursa ve ne olmakta devam ederse etsin, dorukta duran bir g\u00f6zlemcinin daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da kalan da\u011fl\u0131k manzaray\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi gibi, t\u00fcm modern toplumsal ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k-se\u00e7ik ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi bir y\u00fcksekli\u011fe t\u0131rmanmak ilk kez bir Alman’a nasip olmu\u015ftur. (sayfa 174)<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcne dek, ekonomi politik, bize, eme\u011fin b\u00fct\u00fcn zenginliklerin kayna\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011ferlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011funu, \u00f6yle ki, \u00fcretilmeleri ayn\u0131 emek-zaman\u0131na malolan iki nesnenin ayn\u0131 de\u011fere sahip bulundu\u011funu, ve ortalama olarak sadece e\u015fit de\u011ferler birbirleriyle de\u011fi\u015febilir olduklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, bunlar\u0131n da birbirleriyle de\u011fi\u015filmeleri gerekti\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015ftir. Ama ayn\u0131 zamanda, sermaye ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi biriktirilmi\u015f bir emek t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn varoldu\u011funu, bu sermayenin, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi yard\u0131mc\u0131 kaynaklar sayesinde, canl\u0131 emek \u00fcretkenli\u011fini y\u00fcz kat, bin kat art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ve bunun i\u00e7in de k\u00e2r ya da kazan\u00e7 denilen belirli bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k talep etti\u011fini de \u00f6\u011fretir. Hepimizin bildi\u011fi gibi, i\u015fler ger\u00e7ekte \u015f\u00f6yle geli\u015fir: biriktirilmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00fc eme\u011fin k\u00e2rlar\u0131 durmadan irile\u015fir, kapitalistlerin sermayeleri durmadan b\u00fcy\u00fcrken, canl\u0131 eme\u011fin \u00fccreti durmadan azal\u0131r ve yaln\u0131zca \u00fccretle ya\u015fayan i\u015f\u00e7iler y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 durmadan kalabal\u0131kla\u015f\u0131r ve yoksulla\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6zmeli? E\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eme\u011fin tam de\u011ferini al\u0131yorsa, geriye kapitalist i\u00e7in k\u00e2r nas\u0131l kalabilir? Ama yaln\u0131zca e\u015fit de\u011ferler de\u011fi\u015fildiklerine g\u00f6re, durum budur. \u00d6te yandan, bir\u00e7ok iktisat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kabul etti\u011fi gibi, e\u011fer bu \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i ile kapitalist aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yorsa, nas\u0131l olur da e\u015fit de\u011ferler de\u011fi\u015filebilir, nas\u0131l olur da i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn tam de\u011ferini alabilir? \u0130ktisat, bug\u00fcne kadar, bu \u00e7eli\u015fki kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7aresiz kalm\u0131\u015f ve bu konuda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemeyen utanga\u00e7 s\u00f6zler yazm\u0131\u015f ya da gevelemi\u015ftir. Bundan \u00f6nceki sosyalist iktisat ele\u015ftirmenleri bile, bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi vurgulamaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; sonunda Marx, bu k\u00e2r\u0131n as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini belirleyip, ve b\u00f6ylece her \u015feyi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturana dek kimse bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi \u00e7\u00f6zemedi.<\/p>\n
Marx, sermayenin geli\u015fmesini incelerken, kapitalistlerin, sermayelerinin de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015fim yolu ile art\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yolundaki basit ve herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir olgudan hareket eder: kapitalistler paralar\u0131 ile meta sat\u0131n al\u0131rlar, ve sonra, bu meta\u0131, kendilerine mal oldu\u011fundan daha fazla para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda satarlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kapitalist 1.000 talere ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pamu\u011fu 1.100- talere satar, b\u00f6ylece 100 taler “kazanm\u0131\u015f olur”. \u0130lk sermaye \u00fczerinde bu y\u00fcz talerlik fazlal\u0131k, Marx taraf\u0131ndan, art\u0131-de\u011fer olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu art\u0131-de\u011fer nereden gelir? \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n varsay\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, sadece e\u015fit (sayfa 175) de\u011ferler birbirleriyle de\u011fi\u015filirler, ve bu, soyut teori alan\u0131nda, ku\u015fkusuz do\u011frudur. \u00dc\u00e7y\u00fcz g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gro\u015fene kar\u015f\u0131 bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f taler verilmesi ve bu bozukluklar\u0131n tekrar bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f taler ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi nas\u0131l kimseyi ne daha zengin, ne de daha yoksul yaparsa, pamu\u011fun sat\u0131nal\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tekrar sat\u0131lmas\u0131 da hi\u00e7 bir art\u0131-de\u011fer getirmez. Ayr\u0131ca art\u0131-de\u011fer, sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n metalar\u0131n\u0131, de\u011ferlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde satmalar\u0131, ya da al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bu metalar\u0131 de\u011ferlerinin alt\u0131nda sat\u0131n almalar\u0131ndan da do\u011fmaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc herkes s\u0131ras\u0131yla bazan al\u0131c\u0131, bazan sat\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r, ve b\u00f6ylece, sat\u0131c\u0131 olarak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131 olarak kaybeder. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, art\u0131-de\u011fer, al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ve sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerini aldatmalar\u0131ndan da gelemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yeni bir de\u011fer, ya da art\u0131-de\u011fer de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca mevcut sermayenin kapitalistler aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc meydana getirir. Gene de, kapitalist, metalar\u0131 de\u011ferine al\u0131p de\u011ferine satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, bu i\u015ften verdi\u011finden daha fazla de\u011fer elde eder. Bu nas\u0131l olur?<\/p>\n
Kapitalist, mevcut toplumsal ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, meta piyasas\u0131nda, t\u00fcketimi yeni bir de\u011ferin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan, yeni bir de\u011ferin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 olan \u00f6zel nitelikte bir meta bulur, ve bu meta i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Nedir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri? Her meta\u0131n de\u011feri, \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli-emek ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, kendisinin oldu\u011fu kadar, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra da i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flayan ailesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in, belirli miktarda ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131na gereksinme duyan canl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i bi\u00e7iminde bulunur. Bu ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in gerekli-emek zaman\u0131, \u015fu halde, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferini temsil eder. Kapitalist, bu de\u011feri haftal\u0131k olarak \u00f6der ve bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin bir haftal\u0131k eme\u011finin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131r. Buraya kadar, iktisat\u00e7\u0131 baylar, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri konusunda, bizimle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi, kapitalist i\u015f\u00e7isini i\u015fe ko\u015far. Belirli bir zaman i\u00e7inde, i\u015f\u00e7i, haftal\u0131k \u00fccretinin temsil etti\u011fi kadar emek harcayacakt\u0131r. Kabul edelim ki, bir i\u015f\u00e7inin haftal\u0131k \u00fccreti, \u00fc\u00e7 i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc temsil etsin. Buna g\u00f6re, i\u015fe pazartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015flayan i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00e7ar\u015famba ak\u015fam\u0131, \u00f6denen \u00fccretin tam de\u011ferini kapitaliste geri vermi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ama o zaman \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durduracak m\u0131? Hi\u00e7 de de\u011fil. Kapitalist onun haftal\u0131k eme\u011fini sat\u0131n (sayfa 176) alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7i, haftan\u0131n son \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde de, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek zorundad\u0131r. \u00dccretinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geri vermek i\u00e7in gerekli olan s\u00fcreyi a\u015fan zaman boyunca i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan bu art\u0131-emek, k\u00e2r\u0131n, durmadan b\u00fcy\u00fcyen sermaye art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, art\u0131-de\u011ferin kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonunda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccreti \u00f6dedi\u011fini, ve \u00f6b\u00fcr \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn kapitalist i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmenin keyfi bir varsay\u0131m oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmesin. Burada, i\u015f\u00e7inin, \u00fccretinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geri vermek i\u00e7in tastamam ka\u00e7 g\u00fcne, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcne mi, yoksa d\u00f6rt g\u00fcne mi gereksinmesi oldu\u011funu bilmenin hi\u00e7 bir \u00f6nemi yoktur, zaten bu, ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir; ama as\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan \u015fudur ki, kapitalist, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6dedi\u011fi eme\u011fin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demedi\u011fi bir emek de elde eder, ve bu hi\u00e7 de keyfi bir varsay\u0131m de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kapitalist, uzun vadede, i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u0131rt\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca ona \u00f6dedi\u011fi \u00fccret kadar emek elde etti\u011fi g\u00fcn at\u00f6lyesini kapayacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zaman k\u00e2r\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten de bir hi\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ve i\u015fte t\u00fcm \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc. Art\u0131-de\u011ferin (ki kapitalistin k\u00e2r\u0131 bunun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur) kayna\u011f\u0131 \u015fimdi iyiden iyiye a\u00e7\u0131k ve do\u011fal bir durum alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011feri \u00f6denir, ama bu de\u011fer, kapitalistin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcnden s\u0131zd\u0131rmak istedi\u011fi de\u011ferden \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, ve aradaki fark, \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek, kapitalistin ya da, daha do\u011fru s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Hatta yukarda verilmi\u015f bulunan \u00f6rnekte, pamuk sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pamu\u011fundan elde etti\u011fi k\u00e2r\u0131n bile, e\u011fer pamuk fiyatlar\u0131 y\u00fckselmemi\u015fse, \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fe dayanmas\u0131 gerekir. T\u00fcccar, pamu\u011fu, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden o y\u00fcz taler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendisi i\u00e7in bir k\u00e2r s\u0131zd\u0131rabilen, ve bunun sonucu, cebine indirdi\u011fi \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fi onunla payla\u015fan bir pamuklu imalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na satm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zaten toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan \u00fcyelerini i\u015fte bu \u00f6denmemi\u015f emek besler. Kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa d\u00fc\u015fen devlet ve belediye vergileri, toprak sahiplerinin toprak rant\u0131, vb., i\u015fte buradan \u00f6denir. Mevcut toplumsal d\u00fczenin t\u00fcm\u00fc bunun \u00fczerine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan, \u00f6denmemi\u015f eme\u011fin, yaln\u0131zca bir yandan kapitalistlerin, \u00f6te yandan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00fcretimin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaymak da sa\u00e7ma olur. Tersine. Ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar her zaman \u00f6denmemi\u015f (sayfa 177) emek sa\u011flama durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Eme\u011fin egemen \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7iminin k\u00f6lelik oldu\u011fu uzun d\u00f6nemin tamam\u0131 boyunca, k\u00f6leler, kendilerine ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde verilenden \u00e7ok daha fazla emek harcamak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Serflik rejiminde ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc angaryas\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar da, durum ayn\u0131 olmu\u015ftur; hatta burada, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ile, seny\u00f6r i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131-emek aras\u0131ndaki fark g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclecek kadar a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, ger\u00e7ekte, ikincisi, birincisinin tamamen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bi\u00e7im \u015fimdi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir, ama \u00f6z ayn\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, “toplumun bir kesimi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tekele sahip oldu\u011fu” s\u00fcrece, “i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00f6zg\u00fcr olsun olmas\u0131n; kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015fzaman\u0131na, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olanlar\u0131n ya\u015famalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli t\u00fcketim maddelerini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de fazladan bir i\u015fzaman\u0131 eklemek zorundad\u0131r” (Marx, s. 202). [1*]\n
II<\/p>\n
Bir \u00f6nceki makalede, bir kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan her i\u015f\u00e7inin iki \u00e7e\u015fit emek harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck: \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda, kapitalistin kendisine \u00f6dedi\u011fi \u00fccretin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 verir, ve Marx, eme\u011fin i\u015fte bu k\u0131sm\u0131na gerekli-emek der. Ama bunun ard\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek zorundad\u0131r, ve bu zaman i\u00e7erisinde, kapitalist i\u00e7in art\u0131- de\u011fer \u00fcretir, ki bunun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00e2r\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Eme\u011fin bu k\u0131sm\u0131na da art\u0131-emek ad\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, \u00fccretini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn, ve kapitalist i\u00e7in art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, bu, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc oniki saat oldu\u011funda, i\u015f\u00e7inin, her g\u00fcn, \u00fccreti i\u00e7in alt\u0131, ve art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in de gene alt\u0131 saat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 demektir. Bir kimsenin haftada ancak alt\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, ya da e\u011fer pazar da kat\u0131l\u0131rsa, yedi g\u00fcn\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ama bir kimse, tek tek her g\u00fcnden, alt\u0131, sekiz, on, oniki, onbe\u015f, hatta daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saati \u00e7\u0131kartabilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccreti i\u00e7in, kapitaliste, bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (sayfa 178) Ama bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc nedir? Sekiz saat mi, yoksa onsekiz saat mi?<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn elden geldi\u011fince uzun olmas\u0131nda kapitalistin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc ne kadar uzun olursa, o kadar \u00e7ok art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, \u00fccretinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131ndan fazla harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her i\u015f saatinin kendisinden haks\u0131z olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolunda hakl\u0131 bir duygu besler; a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uzun saatler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ne demek oldu\u011funu kendi ac\u0131 deneyiminden \u00f6\u011frenir. Kapitalist, k\u00e2r\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131r; i\u015f\u00e7i ise, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, uyumak ye yemek emek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ama \u00f6teki insani faaliyetlerde bulunabilmek i\u00e7in de, g\u00fcnde birka\u00e7 saatlik dinlenme i\u00e7in de sava\u015f\u0131r. Ge\u00e7erken belirtilebilir ki, bu m\u00fccadeleye girmeyi isteyip istememeleri, hi\u00e7 de kapitalistlerin iyi niyetine ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc rekabet, bunlar aras\u0131ndaki en insanseverleri bile arkada\u015flar\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya ve i\u015fzaman\u0131n\u0131 onlar\u0131nki kadar uzatmay\u0131 bir kural haline getirmeye zorlar.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn saptanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele, \u00f6zg\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tarih sahnesine ilk giri\u015fiyle birlikte ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek s\u00fcregelmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 i\u015flerde farkl\u0131 geleneksel i\u015fg\u00fcnleri h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrer; ama ger\u00e7ekte, bunlara pek uyulmaz. Bir kimsenin ger\u00e7ekten normal bir i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6zedebilmesi, ancak i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yasayla saptanmas\u0131 ve bunun i\u015fleyip i\u015flemedi\u011finin denetlenmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ve bu da \u015fimdiye kadar sadece \u0130ngiltere’nin s\u0131nai b\u00f6lgelerinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00fclkede, b\u00fct\u00fcn kad\u0131nlar ve on\u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndan onsekiz ya\u015f\u0131na kadar olan erkek \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in on saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc (be\u015f g\u00fcn boyunca onbu\u00e7uk ve cumartesi yedibu\u00e7uk saat) saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ve erkekler de, onlar olmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayacaklar\u0131ndan, on saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcnden yararlan\u0131rlar. Bu yasay\u0131, \u0130ngiliz fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ileri, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7indeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerden ustaca yararlanma yoluyla oldu\u011fu kadar, uzun y\u0131llar direnerek, fabrika sahiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 inat\u00e7\u0131, usanmaz bir m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fcterek, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve toplanma hakk\u0131 yoluyla elde etmi\u015flerdir. Bu yasa, \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin g\u00fcvencesi durumuna gelmi\u015f ve yava\u015f yava\u015f sanayiin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6nemli kollar\u0131n\u0131, ve ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fletmeleri, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fletmeleri kapsam\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131t, \u0130ngiltere’de i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn (sayfa 179) bu yasal d\u00fczenlenmesinin tarihi konusunda en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 malzemeyi i\u00e7ermektedir. Gelecek “Kuzey Almanya Reichtag”\u0131 da, bir sanayi yasas\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, fabrika \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme konusunu tart\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6reviyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facakt\u0131r. Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen hi\u00e7 bir temsilcinin, Marx’\u0131n kitab\u0131yla adamak\u0131ll\u0131 i\u00e7li-d\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmad\u0131k\u00e7a, bu tasar\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na girmeyece\u011fini umar\u0131z. Bu konuda yap\u0131lacak \u00e7ok \u015fey var. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7indeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in, \u0130ngiltere’de oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha elveri\u015flidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc genel oy hakk\u0131, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin g\u00f6z\u00fcne girmeye zorlamaktad\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde, e\u011fer durumlar\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131, ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce de, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konunun ne oldu\u011funu bilirlerse, proletaryan\u0131n d\u00f6rt-be\u015f temsilcisi bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr; oysa burjuvalar\u0131n durumu b\u00f6yle de\u011fil. Ve bu ama\u00e7la, Marx’\u0131n kitab\u0131, onlara, b\u00fct\u00fcn malzemeyi haz\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imde vermektedir.<\/p>\n
Daha teorik nitelikte bir dizi \u00e7ok g\u00fczel ba\u015fka incelemeleri bir yana b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131z, ve sadece sermaye birikimini ele alan son k\u0131s\u0131m \u00fczerinde duraca\u011f\u0131z. Burada, ilkin, kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin, yani bir yandan kapitalistler, \u00f6te yandan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin, sadece kapitalist i\u00e7in durmadan onun sermayesini de\u011fil, onunla birlikte durmadan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yoksullu\u011funu da yeni ba\u015ftan \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00f6sterilmektedir; b\u00f6ylelikle, bir yanda b\u00fct\u00fcn ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00fct\u00fcn hammaddelerin ve b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f aletlerinin sahibi kapitalistlerin, \u00f6te yanda ise, kendilerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilecek durumda tutmalar\u0131na ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek durumda yeni bir proleterler ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmelerine ancak yeterli miktarda ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fg\u00fc\u00e7lerini bu kapitalistlere satmak zorunda kalan b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman varolmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. Ama sermaye, sadece kendini yeniden \u00fcretmekle kalmaz: durmadan artar ve \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r, ve b\u00f6ylece m\u00fclks\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de art\u0131r\u0131r. Ve t\u0131pk\u0131 sermayenin kendini durmadan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yeniden \u00fcretmesi gibi, modern kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi de, durmadan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ve durmadan artan say\u0131larla, m\u00fclks\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretir. “Sermaye birikimi, bir kutupta daha \u00e7ok kapitalist ya da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalistler, \u00f6tekinde daha \u00e7ok \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler (sayfa 180) olmak \u00fczere sermaye ili\u015fkisini durmadan yeniden \u00fcretir Bu y\u00fczden sermaye birikimi, proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 demektir.” (s. 600.)[2*] Ama makinelerdeki ilerlemeler ve tar\u0131m\u0131n yetkinle\u015fmesi vb. sayesinde, ayn\u0131 miktar \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etmek i\u00e7in durmadan daha az i\u015f\u00e7iye gereksinme oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, bu yetkinle\u015fme, yani bir i\u015f\u00e7i fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 meydana getirme olgusu, h\u0131zla artan sermayeden bile daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re, bu say\u0131s\u0131 durmadan artan i\u015f\u00e7iler ne olur? Bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u015flerin k\u00f6t\u00fc gitti\u011fi ya da \u015f\u00f6yle-b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu zamanlarda, ya emek de\u011ferlerinin alt\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131rlar ve d\u00fczensiz bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar, ya da ge\u00e7imleri kamu yard\u0131m\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131r, ama i\u015flerin \u00f6zellikle canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu zamanlarda, \u0130ngiltere’de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan, ne var ki, ko\u015fullar ne olursa olsun, d\u00fczenli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin direnme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmaya ve \u00fccretlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutmaya yarayan yedek bir sanayi ordusu olu\u015ftururlar. “Toplumsal servet … ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa, nispi art\u0131-n\u00fcfus, ya da yedek sanayi ordusu da o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Ama, bu yedek ordunun faal orduya” (d\u00fczenli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlara) “g\u00f6re oran\u0131 ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse, sefaleti \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda katland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131st\u0131rapla ters orant\u0131l\u0131 olan toplam” (s\u00fcrekli) “art\u0131-n\u00fcfusun, ya da i\u015f\u00e7iler kesiminin kitlesi de o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Nihayet, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnler tabakas\u0131 ile yedek sanayi ordusu ne kadar yo\u011fun olursa, resmi yoksulluk da o kadar yayg\u0131n olur. Bu, kapitalist birikimin mutlak genel yasas\u0131d\u0131r.” (s. 631.)[3*]\n
\u0130\u015fte bunlar, modern, kapitalist, toplumsal sistemin kesinlikle bilimsel bir bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f -ve resmi iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bir \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctme giri\u015fiminde bile bulunmaktan \u00f6zenle ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131- ba\u015fl\u0131ca yasalar\u0131ndan birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Ama bununla her \u015fey s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f oluyor mu? Hi\u00e7 bir zaman. Marx, kapitalist \u00fcretimin k\u00f6t\u00fc yanlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyorsa, ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, toplumun \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin toplumun t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7in insano\u011flunun hakk\u0131 olan e\u015fit geli\u015fmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in, bu toplumsal bi\u00e7imin zorunlu oldu\u011funu da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Daha \u00f6nceki b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal bi\u00e7imler bunun i\u00e7in \u00e7ok yetersizdiler. (sayfa 181) Kapitalist \u00fcretim, ilk kez, bunun i\u00e7in gerekli olan zenginli\u011fi ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri yarat\u0131yor; ama ayn\u0131 zamanda, kalabal\u0131k ve ezilen i\u015f\u00e7ilerle, bu zenginli\u011fin ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi tekelle\u015ftirici bir s\u0131n\u0131f yarar\u0131na de\u011fil, t\u00fcm toplum yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gittik\u00e7e daha \u00e7ok istemek zorunda kalan toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da yarat\u0131yor. (sayfa 182)<\/p>\n
2 ve 13 Mart 1868 aras\u0131nda Engels taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 21 ve 28 Mart 1868 tarihli Demokratisches Wochenblatt, n\u00b0 12 ve 13’te yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n[T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u00e7evirisi, Marks-Engels: Se\u00e7me Yap\u0131tlar, Cilt: II, s: 174-182, Birinci Bask\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Temmuz 1977]\n
Dipnotlar<\/p>\n[1*] Karl Marx, Kapital, Birinci Cilt, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1976, s. 258-259. -Ed.<\/p>\n[2*] Ayn\u0131 yap\u0131t, s. 652. -Ed.<\/p>\n[3*] Ayn\u0131 yap\u0131t, s. 681. -Ed.<\/p>\n[88] Bu makale Engels’in Demokratisches Wochenblatt i\u00e7in Kapital’in birinci cildindeki temel ilkeleri herkesin anlayabilece\u011fi bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya koyma amac\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i ve demokrat bas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fctunlar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan tan\u0131tma yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir. Engels, burada, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketinin tarihsel rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermekte ve Lenin’in “Marks’\u0131n iktisat teorisinin k\u00f6\u015fe ta\u015f\u0131” diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00f6\u011fretisini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Engels, resmi iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ve burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131n Marks’\u0131n bu yap\u0131t\u0131 konusunda i\u00e7ine g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri “suskunluk kumkumas\u0131n\u0131” k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in burjuva bas\u0131n\u0131na da birka\u00e7 imzas\u0131z tan\u0131tmayaz\u0131s\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Engels bu makalelerinde, kitab\u0131 “burjuva bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan” ele almakta ve bu silah\u0131, Marks’\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi, burjuva iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu yap\u0131t\u0131 ele almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Demokratisches Wochenblatt. – Wilhelm Liebknecht’in y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda, Ocak 1868’den Eyl\u00fcl 1869’a kadar Leipzig’de yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olan bir Alman i\u015f\u00e7i gazetesi. Bu gazetenin Alman Sosyal-Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisinin kurulmas\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur. 1869’daki Eisench Kongresinde, bu gazetenin, Sosyal-Demokrat \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisinin Merkez Organ\u0131 olmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve Volksstaat ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marks ve Engels bu gazeteye yaz\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. -174.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
I Yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde kapitalistler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler bulundu\u011fundan beri, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in bu kitap kadar \u00f6nemli bir kitap \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal sistemimizin \u00fczerinde d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eksen olan sermaye ve emek aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, ancak bir Alman’\u0131n yapabilece\u011fi bir kavray\u0131\u015f ve kesinlikle, ilk kez bu kitapta bilimsel olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bir Owen’\u0131n, bir Saint-Simon’un ya da bir Fourier’nin yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri ne …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[13],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=716"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":717,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions\/717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/partiyakomunistekurdistan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}